最近有人在推廣一個叫做PowerBar嘅睇廣告賺錢計劃, 就係利用瀏覽器免費安裝一條工具欄, 用戶可透過欄上一個"Ads"按鈕"方便收看廣告之餘同時賺取收益(每次0.3~0.5美仙).
表面看來收益不算多, 看來不太吸引. 不過這個計劃設計者套用了MLM市場推廣計劃, 就是同時利用轉介新用戶來賺取收益, 即由該用戶轉介成員(即下線)之收看廣告也可賺取收益, 同樣是每次每次0.3~0.5美仙, 最高可收取7層下線. 假若你名下5個下線, 而每個下線由同樣有5個下線, 單算第7層出來的複式效應就是5的7次方即78125個成員, 以每人每日只看5個廣告, 一個月30天計算就一共有78125x5x30=11,718,750個瀏覽次數, 用最低的0.3美仙計算也可有35156.25美元收入, 有所有7層成員計算所產生收益為43944.75美元 (見下圖表)
當然這只是個假設數字, 因為不一定每人都有5個下線, 也有可能不只5個下線,也未必每個人都看5個廣告(每人每天最多只可以有10個有收益嘅廣告, 超出10個便都沒有收益), 也不是每人每月都看30天廣告.關鍵是在於你名下之成員有多少, 假若每人之直接下線由5名改為10名, 你名下7層成員人數變為10的7次方即10,000,000個成員, 即使只有一半成員每天收看1次廣告也有500萬次, 一個月就算用15天計算也有7500萬個瀏覽次數, 大家可有算到每次0.3美仙是多少錢? 沒錯, 是225,000美元!!別忘記這只算第7層的收益, 這也是MLM所爆發出來的次方效應.
這些數字是否天方夜譚, 絕對不是, 因為這是百分百免費的,每人要收10個下線絕非難事, 加入只有機會賺錢, 不會輸錢, 問題只是賺多少!
這種方式做廣告推廣是否可行? 由於是免費招收會員, 又有機會賺錢, 我認為絕對可為!
本人最近試行一個免為推廣計劃, 只要以在此登記, 再依指示完成簡單登記, 便可加入免費推廣系統, 讓你可以獲得每層每人至少5名成員計劃
你無需再為推廣煩惱, 一切由我(系統)代勞!!
首階段計劃只接受50個成員登記, 先到先得
12/24/2009
12/22/2009
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2/23/2009
Treatment
Food allergy is treated by avoiding the foods that trigger the reaction. Once you and your healthcare provider have identified the food(s) to which you are sensitive, you must remove them from your diet. To do this, you must read the detailed ingredient lists on each food you are considering eating.
Many allergy-producing foods such as peanuts, eggs, and milk, appear in foods one normally would not associate them with. Peanuts, for example, may be used as a protein source,and eggs are used in some salad dressings.
Because of a new law in the United States, FDA now requires ingredients in a packaged food to appear on its label. You can avoid most of the things to which you are sensitive if you read food labels carefully and avoid restaurant-prepared foods that might have ingredients to which you are allergic.
If you are highly allergic, even the tiniest amounts of a food allergen (for example, a small portion of a peanut kernel) can prompt an allergic reaction.
If you have food allergies, you must be prepared to treat unintentional exposure. Even people who know a lot about what they are sensitive to occasionally make a mistake. To protect yourself if you have had allergic reactions to a food, you should:-
• Wear a medical alert bracelet or necklace stating that you have a food allergy and are subject to severe reactions• Carry an auto-injector device containing epinephrine(adrenaline), such as an epipen or twinject, that you can get by prescription and give to yourself if you think you are getting a food allergic reaction
• Seek medical help immediately, even if you have already given yourself epinephrine, by either calling the rescue squad or by getting transported to an emergency roomAnaphylactic allergic reactions can be fatal even when they start off with mild symptoms such as a tingling in the mouth and throat or GI discomfort.
2/17/2009
Diagnosis for food allergy
After ruling out food intolerances and other health problems,your healthcare provider will use several steps to find out if you have an allergy to specific foods.
Detailed History
A detailed history is the most valuable tool for diagnosing food allergy. Your provider will ask you several questions and listen to your history of food reactions to decide if the facts fit a food allergy.
• What was the timing of your reaction?
• Did your reaction come on quickly, usually within an hour after eating the food?
• Did allergy medicines help? Antihistamines should relieve hives, for example.
• Is your reaction always associated with a certain food?
• Did anyone else who ate the same food get sick? For example, if you ate fish contaminated with histamine, everyone who ate the fish should be sick.
• How much did you eat before you had a reaction? The severity of a reaction is sometimes elated to the amount of food eaten.
• How was the food prepared? Some people will have a violent allergic reaction only to raw or undercooked fish.
Complete cooking of the fish may destroy the allergen, and they can then eat it with no allergic reaction.
• Did you eat other foods at the same time you had the reaction? Some foods may delay digestion and thus delay the start of the allergic reaction.
Diet Diary
Sometimes your healthcare provider can’t make a diagnosis solely on the basis of your history. In that case, you may be a reaction. This diet diary gives more detail from which you and your
provider can see if there is a consistent pattern in your reactions.
Elimination Diet
The next step some healthcare providers use is an elimination diet. In this step, which is done under your provider’s direction, certain foods are removed from your diet. • You don’t eat a food suspected of causing the allergy, such as eggs.
• You then substitute another food—in the case of eggs, another source of protein.
Your provider can almost always make a diagnosis if the symptoms go away after you remove the food from your diet.
The diagnosis is confirmed if you then eat the food and the symptoms come back. You should do this only when the reactions are not significant and only under healthcare provider direction.
Your provider can’t use this technique, however, if your reactions are severe or don’t happen often. If you have a severe reaction, you should not eat the food again.
Skin Test
If your history, diet diary, or elimination diet suggests a specific food allergy is likely, your healthcare provider will then use either the scratch or the prick skin test to confirm the diagnosis.
During a scratch skin test, your healthcare provider will place an extract of the food on the skin of your lower arm.
Your provider will then scratch this portion of your skin with a needle and look for swelling or redness, which would
be a sign of a local allergic reaction.
A prick skin test is done by putting a needle just below the surface of your skin of the lower arm. Then, a tiny amount of food extract is placed under the skin.
If the scratch or prick test is positive, it means that there is IgE on the skin’s mast cells that is specific to the food being tested. Skin tests are rapid, simple, and relatively safe.
You can have a positive skin test to a food allergen, however, without having an allergic reaction to that food. A healthcare provider diagnoses a food allergy only when someone has a positive skin test to a specific allergen and when the history of reactions suggests an allergy to the same food.
Blood Test
Your healthcare provider can make a diagnosis by doing a blood test as well. Indeed, if you are extremely allergic and have severe anaphylactic reactions, your provider can’t use skin testing because causing an allergic reaction to the skin test could be dangerous. Skin testing also can’t be done if you have eczema over a large portion of your body.
Your healthcare provider may use blood tests such as the RAST (radioallergosorbent test) and newer ones such as the CAP-RAST. Another blood test is called ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). These blood tests measure the presence of food-specific IgE in your blood. The CAP-RAST can measure how much IgE your blood has to a specific food. As with skin testing, positive tests do not necessarily mean you have a food allergy.
Double-Blind Oral Food Challenge
The final method healthcare providers use to diagnose food allergy is double-blind oral food challenge.
• Your healthcare provider will give you capsules containing individual doses of various foods, some of which are suspected of starting an allergic reaction. Or your provider will mask the suspected food within other foods known not to cause an allergic reaction.
• You swallow the capsules one at a time or swallow the masked food and are watched to see if a reaction occurs.
In a true double-blind test, your healthcare provider is also “blinded” (the capsules having been made up by another medical person). In that case your provider does not know which capsule contains the allergen.
The advantage of such a challenge is that if you react only to suspected foods and not to other foods tested, it confirms the diagnosis. You cannot be tested this way if you have a history of severe allergic reactions.
In addition, this testing is difficult because it takes a lot of time to perform and many food allergies are difficult to evaluate with this procedure. Consequently, many healthcare providers do not perform double-blind food challenges.
This type of testing is most commonly used if a healthcare provider thinks the reaction described is not due to a specific food and wishes to obtain evidence to support this. If your provider finds that your reaction is not due to a specific food, then additional efforts may be used to find the real cause of the reaction.
A detailed history is the most valuable tool for diagnosing food allergy. Your provider will ask you several questions and listen to your history of food reactions to decide if the facts fit a food allergy.
• What was the timing of your reaction?
• Did your reaction come on quickly, usually within an hour after eating the food?
• Did allergy medicines help? Antihistamines should relieve hives, for example.
• Is your reaction always associated with a certain food?
• Did anyone else who ate the same food get sick? For example, if you ate fish contaminated with histamine, everyone who ate the fish should be sick.
• How much did you eat before you had a reaction? The severity of a reaction is sometimes elated to the amount of food eaten.
• How was the food prepared? Some people will have a violent allergic reaction only to raw or undercooked fish.
Complete cooking of the fish may destroy the allergen, and they can then eat it with no allergic reaction.
• Did you eat other foods at the same time you had the reaction? Some foods may delay digestion and thus delay the start of the allergic reaction.
Diet Diary
Sometimes your healthcare provider can’t make a diagnosis solely on the basis of your history. In that case, you may be a reaction. This diet diary gives more detail from which you and your
provider can see if there is a consistent pattern in your reactions.
Elimination Diet
The next step some healthcare providers use is an elimination diet. In this step, which is done under your provider’s direction, certain foods are removed from your diet. • You don’t eat a food suspected of causing the allergy, such as eggs.
• You then substitute another food—in the case of eggs, another source of protein.
Your provider can almost always make a diagnosis if the symptoms go away after you remove the food from your diet.
The diagnosis is confirmed if you then eat the food and the symptoms come back. You should do this only when the reactions are not significant and only under healthcare provider direction.
Your provider can’t use this technique, however, if your reactions are severe or don’t happen often. If you have a severe reaction, you should not eat the food again.
Skin Test
If your history, diet diary, or elimination diet suggests a specific food allergy is likely, your healthcare provider will then use either the scratch or the prick skin test to confirm the diagnosis.
During a scratch skin test, your healthcare provider will place an extract of the food on the skin of your lower arm.
Your provider will then scratch this portion of your skin with a needle and look for swelling or redness, which would
be a sign of a local allergic reaction.
A prick skin test is done by putting a needle just below the surface of your skin of the lower arm. Then, a tiny amount of food extract is placed under the skin.
If the scratch or prick test is positive, it means that there is IgE on the skin’s mast cells that is specific to the food being tested. Skin tests are rapid, simple, and relatively safe.
You can have a positive skin test to a food allergen, however, without having an allergic reaction to that food. A healthcare provider diagnoses a food allergy only when someone has a positive skin test to a specific allergen and when the history of reactions suggests an allergy to the same food.
Blood Test
Your healthcare provider can make a diagnosis by doing a blood test as well. Indeed, if you are extremely allergic and have severe anaphylactic reactions, your provider can’t use skin testing because causing an allergic reaction to the skin test could be dangerous. Skin testing also can’t be done if you have eczema over a large portion of your body.
Your healthcare provider may use blood tests such as the RAST (radioallergosorbent test) and newer ones such as the CAP-RAST. Another blood test is called ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). These blood tests measure the presence of food-specific IgE in your blood. The CAP-RAST can measure how much IgE your blood has to a specific food. As with skin testing, positive tests do not necessarily mean you have a food allergy.
Double-Blind Oral Food Challenge
The final method healthcare providers use to diagnose food allergy is double-blind oral food challenge.
• Your healthcare provider will give you capsules containing individual doses of various foods, some of which are suspected of starting an allergic reaction. Or your provider will mask the suspected food within other foods known not to cause an allergic reaction.
• You swallow the capsules one at a time or swallow the masked food and are watched to see if a reaction occurs.
In a true double-blind test, your healthcare provider is also “blinded” (the capsules having been made up by another medical person). In that case your provider does not know which capsule contains the allergen.
The advantage of such a challenge is that if you react only to suspected foods and not to other foods tested, it confirms the diagnosis. You cannot be tested this way if you have a history of severe allergic reactions.
In addition, this testing is difficult because it takes a lot of time to perform and many food allergies are difficult to evaluate with this procedure. Consequently, many healthcare providers do not perform double-blind food challenges.
This type of testing is most commonly used if a healthcare provider thinks the reaction described is not due to a specific food and wishes to obtain evidence to support this. If your provider finds that your reaction is not due to a specific food, then additional efforts may be used to find the real cause of the reaction.
2/14/2009
Food Allergy or Food Intolerance?
If you go to your health care provider and say, “I think I Have a food allergy,” your provider has to consider other possibilities that may cause symptoms and could be confused with food allergy, such as food intolerance. To find out the difference between food allergy and food intolerance, your provider will go through a list of possible causes for your symptoms. This is called a “differential diagnosis.” This type of diagnosis helps confirm that you do indeed have a food allergy rather than a food intolerance or other illness.
Types of Food IntoleranceFood poisoning
One possible cause of symptoms like those of food allergy is food contaminated with microbes, such as bacteria, and bacterial products, such as toxins. Contaminated meat and dairy products sometimes cause symptoms, including GI discomfort, that resemble a food allergy when it is really a type of food poisoning.
Histamine toxicityThere are substances, such as the powerful chemical histamine,present in certain foods that cause a reaction similar to an allergic reaction. For example, histamine can reach high levels in cheese, some wines, and certain kinds of fish such as tuna and mackerel.
In fish, histamine is believed to come from contamination by bacteria, particularly in fish that are not refrigerated properly.If you eat one of these foods with a high level of histamine, you could have a reaction that strongly resembles an allergic reaction to food. This reaction is called “histamine toxicity.”
Lactose intoleranceAnother cause of food intolerance confused with a food allergy is lactose intolerance or lactase deficiency. This common food intolerance affects at least 1 out of 10 people.
Lactase is an enzyme that is in the lining of your gut. Lactase breaks down or digests lactose, a sugar found in milk and most milk products.
Lactose intolerance, or lactase deficiency, happens when there is not enough lactase in your gut to digest lactose. In that case, bacteria in your gut use lactose to form gas which causes bloating, abdominal pain, and sometimes diarrhea.
Your health care provider can use laboratory tests to find out whether your body can digest lactose.
Food additivesAnother type of food intolerance is a reaction to certain products that are added to food to enhance taste, provide color, or protect against the growth of microbes. Several chemical compounds, such as MSG (mono sodium glutamate)and sulfites, are tied to reactions that can be confused with food allergy.
MSGMSG is a flavor enhancer and, when taken in large amounts, can cause some of the following signs:
• Flushing• Sensations of warmth
• Headache
• Chest discomfort
• Feelings of detachment
These passing reactions occur rapidly after eating large amounts of food to which MSG has been added.
Sulfites
Sulfites occur naturally in foods or may be added to increase crispness or prevent mold growth.
Sulfites in high concentrations sometimes pose problems for people with severe asthma. Sulfites can give off a gas called sulfur dioxide that a person with asthma inhales while eating food containing sulfites. This gas irritates the lungs and can send an asthmatic into severe bronchospasm, a tightening of the lungs.
The Food and Drug Administration(FDA) has banned sulfites as spray-on preservatives in fresh fruits and vegetables.Sulfites are still used in some foods,however, and occur naturally during the fermentation of wine.
Gluten intoleranceGluten intolerance is associated with the disease called“gluten-sensitive enteropathy” or “celiac disease.” It happens if your immune system responds abnormally to gluten, which is a part of wheat and some other grains. Some researchers include celiac disease as a food allergy. This abnormal immune system response, however, does not involve IgE antibody.
Psychological causesSome people may have a food intolerance that has a psychological trigger. If your food intolerance is caused by this type of trigger, a careful psychiatric evaluation may identify an unpleasant event in your life, often during childhood, tied to eating a particular food. Eating that food years later, even as an adult, is associated with a rush of unpleasant sensations.
Other causesThere are several other conditions, including ulcers and cancers of the GI tract, that cause some of the same symptoms as food allergy. These symptoms include vomiting, diarrhea,and cramping abdominal pain made worse by eating.
2/12/2009
Cross-Reactive Food Allergies
If you have a life-threatening reaction to a certain food,your health care provider will show you how to avoid similar foods that might trigger this reaction. For example, if you have a history of allergy to shrimp, allergy testing will usually show that you are not only allergic to shrimp but also to crab, lobster, and crayfish. This is called “cross-reactivity.”
Another interesting example of cross-reactivity occurs in people who are highly sensitive to ragweed. During ragweed pollen season, they sometimes find that when they try to eat melons, particularly cantaloupe, they experience itching in their mouths and simply cannot eat the melon. Similarly,people who have severe birch pollen allergy also may react to apple peels. This is called the “oral allergy syndrome.”
Common Food Allergies
In adults, the foods that most often cause allergic reactions include
• Peanuts
• Tree nuts such as walnuts
• Fish
• Eggs
The most common foods that cause problems in children are
• Eggs
• Milk
• Peanuts
• Tree nuts Peanuts and tree nuts are the leading causes of the potentially deadly food allergy reaction called anaphylaxis.
Adults usually keep their allergies for life, but children sometimes outgrow them. Children are more likely to outgrow allergies to milk, egg, or soy, however, than allergies to peanuts. The foods to which adults or children usually react are those foods they eat often. In Japan, for example, rice allergy is frequent. In Scandinavia, codfish allergy is common.
2/11/2009
What Is Food Allergy?
Introduction
Food allergy affects up to 6 to 8 percent of children under the age of 3 and close to 4 percent of adults. If you have an unpleasant reaction to something you have eaten, you might wonder if you have a food allergy. One out of three people either believe they have a food allergy or modify their or their family’s diet. Thus, while food allergy is commonly suspected, health care providers diagnose it less frequently than most people believe.
Here we describes allergic reactions to foods and their possible causes as well as the best ways to diagnose and treat allergic reactions to food. It also describes other reactions to foods, known as food in tolerances, which can be confused with food allergy, and describes some unproven and controversial food allergy theories.
Food allergy is an abnormal response to a food triggered by the body’s immune system. It refers to a particular type of response of the immune system in which the body produces what is called an allergic, or IgE, antibody to a food. (IgE, or immunoglobulin E, is a type of protein that works against a specific food.)
Allergic reactions to food can cause serious illness and, in some cases, death. Therefore, if you have a food allergy, it is extremely important for you to work with your healthcare provider to find out what food(s) causes your allergic reaction.
Sometimes, a reaction to food is not an allergy at all but another type of reaction called “food intolerance.”
Food intolerance is more common than food allergy. The immune system does not cause the symptoms of food intolerance, though these symptoms may look and feel like those of a food allergy.
How Do Allergic Reactions Work?
An immediate allergic reaction involves two actions of your immune system
• Your immune system produces IgE. This protein is called a food-specific antibody, and it circulates through your blood.
• The food-specific IgE then attaches to mast cells and basophils. Basophils are found in blood. Mast cells are found in body tissues, especially in areas of your body that are typical sites of allergic reactions. Those sites include your nose, throat, lungs, skin, and gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
Generally, your immune system will form IgE against a food if you come from a family in which allergies are common—not necessarily food allergies but perhaps other allergic diseases, such as hay fever or asthma. If you have two allergic parents, you are more likely to develop food allergy than someone with one allergic parent.
If your immune system is inclined to form IgE to certain foods, you must be exposed to the food before you can have an allergic reaction.
As this food is digested, it triggers certain cells in your body to produce a food-specific IgE in large amounts.The food-specific IgE is then released and attaches to the surfaces of mast cells and basophils.
• The next time you eat that food, it interacts with food-specific IgE on the surface of the mast cells and basophils and triggers those cells to release chemicals such as histamine.
• Depending on the tissue in which they are released, these chemicals will cause you to have various symptoms of food allergy.
Food allergens are proteins in the food that enter your bloodstream after the food is digested. From there, they go to target organs, such as your skin or nose, and cause allergic reactions.
An allergic reaction to food can take place within a few minutes to an hour. The process of eating and digesting food affects the timing and the location of a reaction.
• If you are allergic to a particular food, you may first feel itching in your mouth as you start to eat the food.
• After the food is digested in your stomach, you may have GI symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, or pain.
• When the food allergens enter and travel through your bloodstream, they may cause your blood pressure to drop.
• As the allergens reach your skin, they can cause hives or eczema.
• When the allergens reach your mouth and lungs, they may cause throat tightness and trouble breathing.
2/10/2009
What is Food Allergy
A lot of people has problem with food allergy and most of them suffering from this and affecting their daily life. Here we will have some review on this topic and hope this can health to improve our knowledge and health condition.
Firstly, let's start with some terms that is commonly used in this topic and we might come across with these terms in our later topic.
allergens—substances that cause an allergic reaction.
amino acids—any of the 26 building blocks of proteins.
anaphylaxis—a severe reaction to an allergen that can cause itching, fainting, and in some cases, death.
antibody—a molecule tailor-made by the immune system to lock onto and destroy specific foreign substances such as allergens.
assay—a laboratory method of measuring a substance such as immunoglobulin.
bacteria—kind of microbe, some of which can contaminate or spoil food.
basophils—white blood cells that contribute to inflammatory reactions.
challenge—process of assessing the immune system’s response to a food allergen.
cells—the smallest units of life; the basic living things that make up tissues.
celiac disease—a disease of the digestive system that damages the small intestine and interferes with absorption of nutritional contents of food.
cytotoxicity testing—an unproven laboratory method of diagnosing allergies by examining blood samples under microscope to see if white blood cells “die.”
elimination diet—certain foods are removed from a person’s diet and a substitute food of the same type, such as another source of protein in place of eggs, is introduced.
enzyme—a protein produced by living cells that promotes specific biochemical reactions at body temperatures.
epinephrine—a drug form of adrenaline (a natural hormone in the body) that stimulates nerves.
extract—a concentrated liquid preparation containing minute parts of specific foods.
gastrointestinal (GI) tract—an area of the body that includes the stomach and intestines.
glucocorticoid—a type of steroid drug that reduces inflammation.
granule—grain-like part of a cell.
histamine—chemical released by mast cells and basophils.
histamine toxicity—an allergic-like reaction to eating foods containing high levels of histamine.
immune system—a complex network of specialized cells,tissues, and organs, such as the lungs, that defends the body against attacks by disease-causing microbes.
immunoglobulin—one of a large family of proteins, also known as antibody.
inflammation—an immune system reaction to allergens orgasms. Signs include redness, swelling, pain, or heat.
Firstly, let's start with some terms that is commonly used in this topic and we might come across with these terms in our later topic.
allergens—substances that cause an allergic reaction.
amino acids—any of the 26 building blocks of proteins.
anaphylaxis—a severe reaction to an allergen that can cause itching, fainting, and in some cases, death.
antibody—a molecule tailor-made by the immune system to lock onto and destroy specific foreign substances such as allergens.
assay—a laboratory method of measuring a substance such as immunoglobulin.
bacteria—kind of microbe, some of which can contaminate or spoil food.
basophils—white blood cells that contribute to inflammatory reactions.
challenge—process of assessing the immune system’s response to a food allergen.
cells—the smallest units of life; the basic living things that make up tissues.
celiac disease—a disease of the digestive system that damages the small intestine and interferes with absorption of nutritional contents of food.
cytotoxicity testing—an unproven laboratory method of diagnosing allergies by examining blood samples under microscope to see if white blood cells “die.”
elimination diet—certain foods are removed from a person’s diet and a substitute food of the same type, such as another source of protein in place of eggs, is introduced.
enzyme—a protein produced by living cells that promotes specific biochemical reactions at body temperatures.
epinephrine—a drug form of adrenaline (a natural hormone in the body) that stimulates nerves.
extract—a concentrated liquid preparation containing minute parts of specific foods.
gastrointestinal (GI) tract—an area of the body that includes the stomach and intestines.
glucocorticoid—a type of steroid drug that reduces inflammation.
granule—grain-like part of a cell.
histamine—chemical released by mast cells and basophils.
histamine toxicity—an allergic-like reaction to eating foods containing high levels of histamine.
immune system—a complex network of specialized cells,tissues, and organs, such as the lungs, that defends the body against attacks by disease-causing microbes.
immunoglobulin—one of a large family of proteins, also known as antibody.
inflammation—an immune system reaction to allergens orgasms. Signs include redness, swelling, pain, or heat.
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